Gamelan Gong Luwang ( Data Sekunder )
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Gamelan Gong Luwang
( Data Sekunder )
Data diambil dari :
Institut Seni Indonesia Denpasar
Bisnis Bali Online
Babad Bali
Seni Baliku
Buku Deskripsi Karawitan Gong Luang
Hari/Tgl Pengambilan Data :
Selasa, 16 April 2013
Pukul : 15.00 wita
Penjelasan Istilah
Gong Luang terdiri dari 2 suku kata yaitu Gong dan Luang. Kata “Gong” mengacu pada nama salah satu instrument gamelan tradisional Bali yang terbuat dari bahan perunggu bentuknya bulat seperti nakara, memiliki moncol pada sentralnya dan moncol itulah yang biasanya dipukul. Ukuran gong ini paling besar di antara barungannya ( unitnya ). Fungsinya dalam barungan adalah sebagai finalis lagu.
Istilah gong juga dipakai untuk memberi nama pada satu barungan gamelan. Contoh : Gamelan Gong Gede, Gamelan Gong Kebyar, Gamelan Gong Suling, Gamelan Gong Beri dan lain sebagainya. Selanjutnya kata “Luang: atau “Ruang” atau “Rong” berarti ruang atau bidang. Istilah “Luang” ini sangat popular dipergunakan dalam dunia perundagian ( arsitektur tradisional Bali ), untuk menyebutkan nama bidang atau ruang – ruang kosong yang akan diberi hiasan berupa motif – motif ukiran dan sejenisnya. Istilah “Luang” dipakai juga penamaan salah sau gametu lagu Gambang yaitu “Menjangan Saluang”. Menjangan Saluang juga mengacu pada nama salah satu banguna suci yang terdapat di Merajan/Sanggah ( Tempat Suci keluarga bagi umat Hindu Bali ). Di Sumatra, dikenal istilah “Saluang” untuk memberi nama pada sebuah bentuk.instrumen tiup ( seruling ).
Menurut I Nyoman Raweg (Sudiana, 1982 : 4 ) istilah “Luang” berarti kurang. Dalam hal ini dikatan mengatan bahwa apabila unit gamelan tersebut kurang lengkap maka dinamakanlah Gong Luang. Tetapi, lebih lanjut Raweg mengatakan bahwa pendapat ini pun ternyata simpang siur. Pendapat lain menyatakan bahwa justru barungan yang lengkaplah bernama Gong Luwang sedangkan yang kurang bernama “Saron” yaitu terdiri atas saron, gangsa jongkok besar dan gangsa jongkok kecil. Kelompok masyarakat lain mengatakan bahwa lengkap atau tidak barungan itu tetap saja namanya Gong Luang.
Pengertian Umum
Terlepas dari pengertian “Luang” yang terpisah – pisah serta terkesan sinpang siur buah tersebut. Pengertian Gong Luang yang dimaksud dalam deskripsi ini tidaklah dalam artinya yang simpang siur itu bahwa yang dimaksud dengan Gong Luang secara umum adalah barungan gamelan yang terdiri dari 7 ( tujuh ) nada. 5 ( lima ) buah nada sebagai nada pokok dan 2 buah nada sebagai nada pemero berlaraskan pelog miring. Bentuk gamelan Gong Luang serupa dengan gamelan gong kebyar hanya saja Gong Luang terdiri dari 8 ( delapan ) atau 9 ( sembilan ) instrument sedangkan Gong Kebyar terdiri dari 25 sampai 30 instrumen.
Sebagaimanina diinformasikan di atas, bahwa dalam Gong Luang terdapat 5 buah nada pokok dan 2 buah nada pemero. Meskipun demikian, pada suatu saat semua nada tersebut berfungsi sebagai nada pokok tergantung pepatutan yang dipakai.
Mengenai repertoar gamelan Gong Luang, pada umumnya terdiri dari gending – gending sebagai berikut :
Ginada
Panji Marga
Lilit
Kebe Dungkul
Angklung
Dan lain – lain yang berkembang di dalam Sekehe Gong Luang masing – masing.
Sejarah
Informasi mengenai Gong Luang. Baik yang berupa informasi oral, buku, deskripsi maupun artikel – artikrl lainnya belum banyak ditemui. Oleh karena itu maka uraian mengenai asal – usul sejarahnya lebih banyak bersifat dugaan belaka. Menurut I Nyoman Rembang gamelan Gong Luang diperkirakan berasal dari Majapahit, dibawa ke Bali oleh sekelompok orang setelah kerajaan tersebut mengalami kejatuhan. Atau bisa jadi dibawa oleh sekelompok orang tatkala kerajaan Majapahit sedang jaya. Dugaan ini dilandasi atas adanya kemiripan antara gamelan Jawa yang ada sekarang dengan gamelan Gong Luwang yang ada di Bali saat ini. Bedanya hanya terletak pada jumlah instrument. Jumlah instrument gamelan Gong Luang di Bali lebih sedikit dibandingkan jumlah barungan gamelan Jawa sekarang. Selain itu, instrument yang bernama trompong dan riyong yang semula di Jawa dijajar empat – empat dalam satu tungguh, sekarang dijadikan 8 ( delapan ) dalam satu tungguhnya.
Selanjutnya menurut Rembang bahwa apabila dilihat relief – relief gamelan yang terpampang pada dinding – dinding Candi Prambanan di Jawa Timur ternyata memiliki kemiripan dengan Gong Luang di Bali. Maka semakin kuatlah dugaan bahwa Gong Luang berasal dari Majapahit. Bukti lain yang dapat diterangkan bahwa dalam hal tembang atau lagu – lagu yang dipergunakan pada umumnya memakai iringan vokal berbahasa Jawa Kuno atau Jawa Tengahan.
Sejalan dengan pendapat di atas, informan Made Karba ( Budana, 1984 : 9 ) mengatakan juga bahwa Gong Luang berasal dari kerajaan Majapahit. Sepanjang pengetahuannya, konon pada zaman dahulu para patih dan punggawa dari kerajaan Kalianget berhasil merampas seperangkat gamelan Gong Luang dari Jawa Timur ( Majapahit ) dan langsung dibawa ke Bali. Gamelan tersebut didemonstrasikan di Desa Sangsi, Desa Singapadu Kabupaten Gianyar. Selang beberapa hari kemudian, di desa Sangsi terjadi pertempuran antara raja Sangsi melawan raja Singapadu. Akibatnya gamelan itu ditinggal begitu saja di desa Sangsi. Selanjutnya gamelan tersebut dikuasai oleh sekelompok masyarakat ( warga Pasek ) sampai sekarang. Itulah sebabnya gamelan Gong Luang tersebut dianggap sebagai milik keluarga Pasek ( Gong Luang druwe Pasek ). Sementara itu gamelan Gong Luang di desa Tangkas Kabupaten Klungkung yang dianggap sebagai Gong Luang yang paling tua usianya di Bali, memiliki sejarah yang menunjang asumsi di atas. Menurut Informan I Nyoman Gejer dari Desa Tangkas ini mengatakan bahwa ayahnya I Nyoman Digul dan Mangku Ranten pernah belajar sekaligus menjadi anggota Sekehe Gong Luang di Puri ( Kerajaan ) Klungkung. Ketika pecah perang Puputan Klungkung tahun 1908, barungan Gong Luang milik kerajaan tersebut dirampas oleh Belanda. Selanjutnya masyarakat tidak mengetahui dimana barungan Gong Luang itu berada.
Sedangkan barungan Gong Luang yang ada di Tangkas sekarang adalah buatan baru beberapa tahun kemudian, dikerjakan di Desa Tihingan. Nada – nada Gong Luang yang baru ini dibuat semaksimal mungkin mendekati nada aslinya ( yang pernah ada di Puri ) atas jasa Mangku Ranten. Dari penjelasan informan di atas, rupa –rupanya barungan gamelan Gong Luang di Puri Klungkung tersebut berasal dari Majapahit mengingat hubungan antara kerajaan Klungkug dengan kerajaan Majapahit ketika itu sangatlah akrab.
Lain lagi cerita yang diperoleh di Desa Kerobokan Kabupaten Badung. Keberadaan Gong Luang di desa ini memiliki sejarah yang cukup unik. Sekitar abad XVI ( Sudiana, 1982 : 16 ) tersebutlah 3 ( tiga ) kerajaan kecil di desa itu yakni : Kerajaan Lepang, Kerajaan Taulan dan Kerajaan Kelaci. Ketiga raja di masing – masing kerajaan itu bergelar I Gusti Ngurah. Diceritakan bahwa raja kerajaan Lepang dan Kelaci masih muda. Keduanya sedang berusaha mencari jodoh. Di pihak lain, raja kerajaan Taulan memiliki seorang putri, selain cantik, juga ramah dan penuh sopan santun, Tidaklah mengherankan apabila banyak raja disekitarnya yang.tertarik kepada putri ini semua berminat memperistrinya. Dalam waktu cukup lama, raja Taulan bingung menjatuhkan pilihan bagi putrinyan. Namun akhirnya raja Taulan menyetujui raja dari Kelaci. Raja – raja lain yang berminat tentu saja kecewa. Namun yang paling kecewa adalah raja kerajaan Lepang.
Pada suatu hari, raja Lepang secara diam – diam memasuki kerajaan Taulan dan akhirnya berhasil menculik Sang Putri. Berita hilangnya Sang Putri segera tersebar. Raja Kelaci yang telah resmi dijodohkan menjadi sangat marah kepada calon mertuanya dan tanpa piker membakar hangus kerajaan Taulan. Raja Lepang membalas dendam lalu menyerang dan membakar hangus kerajaan Kelaci. Raja Kelaci pun berbalik menyerang dan membakar kerajaan Lepang. Konon, dalam waktu yang tidak begitu lama, ketiga kerajaan itu hancur dan rata dengan tanah. Persada Kerobokan dibanjiri darah di mana – mana. Beberapa orang rakyat yang berhasil menyelamatkan diri ke desa lain. Sepanjang pelarian itu mereka terpaksa “Ngerobok’ ( mengarungi ) darah. Daerah itulah selanjutnya dinamai desa Kerobokan.
Selang beberapa lama kemudian, seorang petani dari Desa Tektek Peguyangan yang tinggal di Kerobokan memacul tanah – tanah tegalan di bekas kerajaan Lepang. Dia sangat terkejut, karena pada tanah yang digalinya itu ditrmukan sebuah gong dan beberapa buah trompong. Gamelan tersebut diduga milik kerajaan Lepang. Seluruh benda itu dibawanya pulang dan diserahkan kepada I Dukuh Sakti. Selanjutnya, di tempat dimana ditemukannya gamelan itu didirikan sebuah Pura. Lama – lama, Pura ini digabung ke Pura Gunung Payung di Banjar Petingan – Kerobokan.
Adapun sebuah Gong dan beberapa trompong yang ditemukan itu, oleh I Dukuh Sakti dan keluarganya yang lain di sekitar Kerobokan ditambahkan lagi dengan alat – alat kelengkapan yang lain dengan mendatangkan ahlinya dari Klungkung. Konon, Pande dari Klungkung tersebut terus menetap di desa Kerobokan.
Demikianlah sejarah Gong Luang yang ada di desa Kerobokan.
Bentuk, tugas dan fungsi Gong Luang
Gong Luang diklasifikasikan sebagai gamelan golongan tua. Barungan gamelan Gong Luang tersebut pada umumnya terdiri dari :
Instrumen Berbilah : Gangsa jongkok ( 2 buah pemade dan 2 buah kantil ). Jublag 2 buah, Jegog 2 buah dan Saron.
Instrumen Bermoncol : Trompong 1 tungguh, riyong 1 tungguh, Gong, Kempur, Kajar.
Kendang 2 buah
Cengceng
Suling
Jumlah instrument tersebut tidaklah mutlak. Hal itu sangat tergantung pada kondisi daerah atau desa dimana Gong Luang itu berasal. Jumlah instrument Gong Luang Desa Kerobokan dapatt diinformasikan sebagai berikut :
Riyong 2 buah
Kendang 1 buah
Kenyong Ageng 1 buah
Saron 2 buah
Kenyong Alit 1 buah
Jublag 1 buah
Penyahcah 1 buah
Cengceng Ricik 1pangkon
Jegogan 2 buah
Kempur 1 buah
Gong 2 buah ( lanang – wadon )
Jumlah instrument Gong Luang Desa Apuan – Singapadu dapat diinformasikan sebagai berikut :
Kendang 1 buah
Gangsa Ageng 1 buah
Cengceng Kopyak 1 pasang
Riyong 2 buah
Gong 1 buah
Cengceng Ricik 1 pangkon
Gangsa Alit 1 buah
Kajar 1 buah
Jegogan 2 buah
Kempur 1 buah
Saron 2 buah
Jumlah instrument Gong Luang Desa Tangkas – Klungkung dapat diinformasikan sebagai berikut :
Gong 1 buah
Riyong Pemetit 1 buah
Riyong pemero 1 buah
Gambang 2 buah
Gangsa Alit 2 buah
Kendang Bedug 1 buah
Riyong Penyelat 1 buah
Riyong Mananga 1 buah
Gangsa Ageng 1 buah
Susunan nada yang terdapat dalam gamelan Gong Luang berjumlah 7 ( nada ) atau disebut saih pitu yaitu : ndang, ndaing, nding, ndong, ndeng, ndeung, ndung. Sedangkan pembagian larasnya secara proposional dibagi atas 3 ( tiga ) yaitu laras pelog, laras selendro, dan laras keselendroan. Dari sini dapat ditafsirkan bahwa Gamelan Gong Luang merupakan babon dari semua jenis karawitan yang ada sebelumnya atau yang mengenal laras pelog dan selendro. Arti sederhananya bahwa gamelan Gong Luang dapat dimainkan dalam laras pelog dan selendro. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dari susunan nada – nadanya yang diturunkan sedemikian rupa sehinggadikenal pembagian tugas nada – nada yang disebut pepatutan : Selisir, Tembung, Sunaren, Pengenter, Baro, Lebeng. Semuanya ini dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam laras pelog. Sedangkan dalam laras selendro dapat diturunkan patutan : Sekar Kemuning, Pudak Sategal dan Isep Menyan.
Menurut system pembagian tugas nada,, dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :
Patet Selisir : 345713
Patet Sunaren : 45712
Patet Tembung : 34613
Patet Pengenter : 13512
Patet Baro : 35612
Patet Lebeng : 4567123
Laras Selendro :
Patet Sekar Kemuning : 45713
Patet Pudak Sategal : 57134
Patet Isep Menyan : 13547
Sebagai suatu catatan bahwa Gamelan Gong Luang ditinjau dari struktur nada yang dipergunakan hampir sama dengan gamelan – gamelan saih pitu lainnya. Itulah sebabnya suasana laras Gong Luang lebih dekat dengan gamelan Gambang. Dalam hal ini susunan nada Gambang yang ditransfer ke Gong Luang adalah sebagai berikut :
Nding, ndong, ndeng, ndeung, ndung, ndang, ndaing
Pada umumnya dalam barungan gamelan memiliki ciri khas masing – masing sejalan dengan bentuk dan jumlah alat – alatnya. Demikian pula mengenai bentuk lagu ( gending ) dalam barungan Gong Luang hampir sama atau mungkin juga sama dengan kebanyakan gamelan yang memiliki susunan nada saih pitu ( tujuh nada ). Asumsi ini perlu dikaji kebenarannya. Perbedaan bentuk lagu yang didasari atas perbedaan bentuk alat, jumlah alat – alat yang fungsional misalnya akan tampak bahwa bentuk lagu – lagu Arja akan berbeda dengan bentuk lagu Gong Luang. Bahkan dalam karawitan vokal kekidungan misalnya hanya dikenal satu bentuk saja tanpa pengawak, pengisep, pengecet dan seterusnya.
Di bawah ini adalah salah satu contoh bentuk ( struktur ) lagu Gong Luang yang berjudul “Gegitan Malat” ( Komposer I Wayan Sinthi, MA sebagai berikut :
Pengawit : Diawali ucapan “Om” yang diucapkan oleh seluruh pengerawit, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan instrumentalia.
Pengawak : Gending ini pararel antara vokal dengan instrumental yang disajaikan sedemikian rupa dengan tiga kali pukulan gong.
Nyalit : Merupakan peralihan lagu berupa instrumentalia
Pengisep : Bagian lagu ini motifnya hampir sama dengan pengawak diselang – seling dengan vokal dan instrumentalia.
Nyalip : Sama dengan di atas yaitu merupakan instrumentalia yang hubung.
Pengecet : Bagian akhir dari vokal dengan irama dinamis dan semarak.
Pakaad : Bagian lagu ini mencapai final, iramanya semakin cepat dan akhirnya terjadi anti klimaks, menurun perlahan secara rikrih, lagu ditutup dengan pukulan Gong.
Bentuk lagu Gong Luang di atas sebenarnya telah mengalami pengembangan dari repertoar Gong Luang yang telah ada. Namun secara umum, repertoar di atas tetap mempertahankan keklasikan yang telah ada dan berakar kuat di dalam masyarakat. Modifikasi di atas semata – mata untuk mengikuti selera masa kini sehingga isu – isu bahwa lagu – lagu Gong Luang kurang diminati generasi muda dapat terjawab. Dmikianlah mengenai bentuk Gong Luang. Selanjutnya akan diuraikan mengenai fungsi dari masing – masing instrument Gong Luang tersebut sebagai berikut :
Pada Bagian Lagu :
Trompong berfungsi sebagai pemurba lagu : mengatur serta memimpin jalannya lagu. Tugasnya memberikan petunjuk mekanisme suatu lagu, bekerja sama dengan kendang untuk mengatur irama. Instrumen lainnya seperti Riyong, Gangsa Pamade, Kantil dan Jublag berfungsi sebagai pemangku lagu serta ikut mengiringi jalannya lagu. Tugasnya dapat tandamengisi peluang – peluang diantara melodi berupa pola – pola, motif – motif sesuai dengan teknik pukulan masing – masing.
Pada Bagian Irama :
Kendang berfungsi sebagai pemurba irama : mengatur serta memimpin jalannya irama. Tugasnya memberi aksen serta petunjuk di dalam mengatur mekanisme tetabuhan, juga bertugas untuk memulai serta menghentikan tetabuhan. Kempur dan Jegog berfungsi sebagai pemangku masingirama yakni ikut mengiringi tetabuhan. Tugasnya untuk memberikan sekat ( pemenggalan lagu ) serta menentukan bagian – bagian tetabuhan. Gong berfungsi sebagai pemangku irama : mengikuti serta mengiringi jalannya irama. Tugasnya untuk mengakhiri ftase –frase lagu dan tanda final sebuah lagu.
Tugas dan fungsi masing – masing instrument seperti yang disebutkan di atas tidaklah mutlak demikian. Peluang – peluang kreativitas Sang Pencipta ( Penggarap ) tetap terbuka sesuai dengan persepsi, obsesi dan wawasannya untuk menangkap perkembangan – perkembangan. Pada umumnya perubahan – perubahan tersebut. Baik berupa penambahan maupun pengurangan berkisar pada :
Instrumen Karawitan
Bentuk Gending
Teknik Pukulan
Fungsi Karawitannya.
Setelah diuraikan mengenai tugas dan fungsi dari masing – masing instrument Gong Luang, maka sekarang akan diuraikan secara singkat mengenai fungsi Gong Luang secara umum di dalam masyarakat ( fungsi sosial Gong Luang ). Pada umumnya fungsi sosial Gong Luang. Baik Gong Luang Kerobokan – Badung, Apuan – Gianyar maupun Gong Luang Tangkas – Klungkung memiliki kesamaan.
Sebagai sarana dalam upacara.
Sebagai pengiring tari dalam upacara.
Sebagai sarana “Mayah Sesangi”( Bayar Kaul ).
Sebagai Sarana Dalam Upacara
Yang dimaksud dengan “Upacara” adalah upacara adat dan agama Hindu di Bali. Pelaksanaan dari salah satu aspek agama Hindu yakni “Upacara” dan “Upacara, tertuang dalam kegiatan yang mencakup lima kegiatan dalam “Panca Yadnya”. Kelima Yadnya tersebut adalah Dewa Yadnya, Pitra Yadnya, Manusa Yadnya, Rsi Yadnya dan Bhuta Yadnya. Untuk pelaksanaan kelima yadnya inilah Gong Luang tersebut sangat berperan.
Di dalam Dewa Yadnya, Gong Luang berfungsi sebagai penunjang upacara. Alat gamelan yang dipakai pada umumnya hanya Gong Lanang – Wadon, Kempur, Bende, Kempli, Cengceng 6 cakep, Kendang Cedugan Lanang – Wadon, Gangsa Gantung 2 buah, Gangsa Jongkok 2 buah, Riyong 2 tungguh. Perangikat ini tanpa Saron. Nama – nama gending yang biasanya dipakai : Sekar Tanjung, Lodra, Sarwa Manis, Tabuh Telu dan Gilak.
Di dalam Pitra Yadnya seperti Ngaben misalnya alat yang dipakai adalah Gong Luang saja tanpa Saron. Nama – nama gending yang biasanya dipakai adalah sama seperti yang dipakai dalam Dewa Yadnya. Sedangkan dalam rangka : Memukur” dipakai gamelan lengkap dengan Saron. Adapun nama – nama gending yang biasa dipakai adalah : Pengarit, Kembang Barig, Gondang Puyung, Belumbang, Lilit Tayog, dan Pengayat.
Sebagao Pengiring Tari
Gong Luang juga dipergunakan untuk mengiringi tari – tarian sacral. Yang dimaksud dengan tarian sacral semua tarian yang dilibatkan secara fungsional di dalam rangkaian upacara adat dan agama. Misalnya Tari Topeng, Tari Baris Poleng, Tari Pendet, Tari Rejang dan lain sebagainya.
Sebagai sarana “Mayah Sesangi” ( Bayar Kaul ).
Tradisi ini terjadi di Desa Kerobokan – Badung. Salah satu kasus diuraikan seperti berikut ini :
Salah seorang warga mempunyai anak berusia kurang lebih dua tahun. Pada suatu malam, anak itu menangis tanpa sebab dan sulit dikendalikan. Kedua orang tuanya mulai bingung dan mulai membayangkan adanya gangguan – gangguan “Niskala” ( abstrak ). Dalam keadaan tak berdaya seperti itulah Si Orang Tua “Mesesangi” ( berjanji ) dan diucapkan dalam Bahasa Bali sebagai berikut : “Dumadak ja panak titiange wusan ngeling, tiyang mesesangi pacang ngaturang tipat tampul ring Gong Luange ( Semoga anak saya berhenti menangis. Kalau berhenti menangis, saya akan menghaturkan ketupat dihadapan Gong Luang ).
Ternyata setelah selesai dia berucap demikian, anaknya berhenti menangis. Maka keesokan harinya, orang tua anak itu menghaturkan ( Bayar Kaul ) ketupat dihadapan barungan gamelan Gong Luang di desanya itu. Kasus – kasus semacam ini sering terjadi di Desa Kerobokan dan masyarakat di sana menganggap sesuatu yang aneh tapi nyata dan jadilah peristiwa demi peristiwa itu sebagai tradisi.
Sesaji atau Upakara.
Di Bali pada umumnya setiap Gamelan yang akan dipergunakan ( dipentaskan ) didahului dengan sebuah haturan sesaji.Tujuannya adalah agar kekuatan yang berstana di dalam gamelan tersebut merestui sehingga pada gilirannya pertunjukan akan mencapai sukses. Demikian pula yang dilakukan terhadap gamelan Gong Luang.
Gamelan Gong Luang Banjar Apuan Desa Singapadu misalnya pada waktu dikeluarkan dari tempat penyimpanannya sebelum dipentaskan oleh pendukungnya dihaturkan sesajian yang disebut “Santun Gede” yang isi setiap bentuk sesajinya berjumlah empak yaitu :
Tampak ( empat buah )
Base Tampinan ( empat buah )
Benang Iluk –iluk ( empat buah ).
Telur Itik ( empat buah )
Gantusan mewadah kojong ( empat buah )
Biu mewadah kojong ( empat buah )
Canang sari ( empat buah )
Beras 2 kilogram
Disamping Santun Gede seperti disebutkan di atas, ada juga beberapa jenis sesajian lainnya yakni Suci Asoroh, peras ajengan asoroh, kawisan asoroh ditambah dupa, penastan, cecepan, tetabuhan arak berem, sesarik tepung tawar, segan cacahan, air suci, tipat gong, dan uang seribu rupiah dan seribu uang kepeng.
Sedangkan sesajen Desa Kerbokan terdiri dari :
Peras
Sodan
Daksina
Tipat Akelan
Tipat Gong ditambah uang seribu rupiah.
Segan Poleng ( hitam – putih ) satu tanding
Dupa
Air Suci dan Arak Berem.
Apabila dimainkan dalam upacara Ngaben, sesajinya sama seperti di atas ditambah Suci, Daksina Gede, Ulam Ayam, Bebakaran dan Nasi Rongan. Sebagai penghormatan kepada penyungsung Gong Luang tersebut, setiap enam bulan sekali ( pada hari Galungan ), diadakan pula penghormatan kepada gamelan itu dengan menghaturkan sajen sebagai berikut :
Peras Pengambian
Pesucian
Biakaon
Pajegan
Segan Putih – Kuning
Rantasan
Dupa
Air Suci
Arak Berem
Haturan ini selanjutnya diberikan kepada Kelian dimana Gong Luang itu disimpan. Perlu diinformasikan bahwa “Odalan” Gong Luang di Desa Kerobokan jatuh pada Buda Kliwon Matal. Pelaksanaannya diselenggarakan di Pura Gunung Payung di sebelah utara desa. Sesajen pada waktu odalan itu adalah Pregembal empat bungkul, Suci 30 buah, Jerimpen 9 buah, Canang Rebong di atas dulang, Peras Pengambian 40 tanding, Seluruh biaya ini ditanggung oleh penyungsung pokok berjumlah 4 keluarga.
Kiriman I Wayan Putra Ivantara, Mahasiswa PS Seni Karawitan, ISI Denpasar.
Gamelan Gong Luang adalah barungan gamelan Bali yang berlaraskan pelog 7 nada dipergunakan untuk mengiringi upacara Pitra Yadnya atau Memukur. Laras 7 nada yang dipergunakan dalam Gamelan Gong Luang dapat dibagi menjadi 7 patet yaitu :
- Patet Panji Cenik
- Patet Panji Gede
- Patet Wargasari
- Patet Mayura Cenik
- Patet Panji Miring
- Patet Kartika
Gamelan Gong Luang ini dapat didengar pada saat ada upacara Memukur yang pada umumnya biasanya di lakukan di Puri atau Griya. Dan jenis – jenis lagu/gending gong luang yaitu :
1. Gending Lilit Panji Alit
2. Gending Lilit Nyora
3. Gending Lilit Warga Sari
4. Gending Lilit Panji Cinada
5. Gending Lilit Panji Demung
6. Gending Sih Miring
Dr. Made Bandem, dalam bukunya yang berjudul “ Ensiklopedi Musik Bali” mengatakan bahwa bentuk gamelan Gong Luang serupa dengan Gamelan Gong Kebyar,dimana Gong Luang hanya terdiri dari tiga belas atau lima belas instrumen, sedangkan Gong Kebyar memakai dua puluh lima sampai tiga puluh instrumen.
Adapun instrumen-intrumen yang ada dalam barungan gamelan Gong Luang sebagai berikut:
– 1 tungguh gangsa jongkok besar ( 7 bilah )
– 1 tungguh gangsa jongkok kecil ( 7 bilah )
– 1 tungguh saron bambu ( 8 bilah )
– 1 tungguh reong ukuran besar ( 8 pencon )
– 1 tungguh reong ukuran kecil ( 8 pencon )
– 2 buah jegogan ( 7 bilah )
– 2 buah jublag atau calung ( 7 bilah )
– 1 buah kendang cedugan
– 6 buah ceng-ceng kopyak
– 1 buah ceng-ceng ricik atau kecek
– 1 buah gong
– 1 buah kempul
– 1 buah kajar
Jadi dalam memainkan gamelan Gong Luang diperlukan kurang lebih 20 orang penabuh gamelan.
Teknik Permainan pada Gamelan Gong Luang
Teknik atau gegebug dalam gamelan bali merupakan suatu hal yang pokok, Gegebug atau teknik permainan bukan hanya sekedar keterampilan memukul dan menutup bilah gamelan, tetapi mempunyai konotasi yang lebih dalam dari pada itu. Gegebug mempunyai kaitan erat dengan orkestrasi dan menurut prakempa (sebuah lontar gamelan Bali) bahwa hampir setiap instrument memiliki teknik tersendiri dan mengandung aspek „‟physical behavior‟‟ dari instrumen tersebut. Sifat fisik dari instrumen-instrumen yang terdapat dalam
gamelan memberi keindahan masing-masing pada penikmatnya.
Teknik memainkan gamelan Gong Luang sangat khas dan unik yang tidak didominasi oleh teknik kotekan-kotekan. Teknik permainan Gong Luang juga merupakan sumber dari teknik permainan gamelan Bali lainnya. Dalam gamelan Gong Kebyar, teknik tersebut ditransformasikan dengan istilah ‟‟leluwangan‟‟. Berikut ini merupakan teknik permainan yang dipakai dalam gamelan Gong Luang ;
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Terompong atau Reyon
– Pukulan Ngempat/ngembyang, yang dimaksudkan adalah, memukul secara bersamaan dua buah nada yang sama dalam satu oktafnya.
– Pukulan Ngempyung, yang dimaksudkan adalah memukul secara bersamaan dua buah nada yang tidak sama yaitu memukul dua buah nada dengan mengapit dua buah nada ditengah-tengah.
– Pukulan Nyilih Asih adalah memukul beberapa nada satu persatu, baik dilakukan dengan satu atau dua tangan secara berurutan maupun berjauhan.
– Pukulan Norot Pelan adalah memukul dengan tangan kanan dan kiri dengan sistem pemain memukul sambil menutup atau nekes dimana pelaksanaannya bergantian.
– Pukulan ubit-ubitan adalah teknik ermainan yang dihasilkan dari perpaduan sistem on-beat (polos) dan of-beat (sangsih). Pukulan polos dan sangsih jika dipadukanakan menimbulkan perpaduan bunyi yang dinamakan jalinan atau bisa disebut interlocking.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Gangsa Jongkok Besar dan Kecil
– Pukulan Neliti/ Nyelah adalah memukul kerangka gending atau lagu secara polos dalam arti tidak memakai variasi.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Saron bamboo
– Pukulan Neliti/ Nyelah adalah memukul kerangka gending atau lagu secara polos dalam arti tidak memakai variasi.
– Pukulan Niltil adalah pukulan satu nada dengan tangan kanan atau kiri yang temponya semakin lama semakin cepat. Pukulan ini biasanya digunakan pada saat mencari pengalihan gending atau lagu.
– Teknik Nyangsihin atau ngantung. Pukulan ini bertujuan untuk membuat suara instrumen saron lebih terdengar.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Jublag atau Calung
– Pukulan Neliti/ Nyelah adalah memukul kerangka gending atau lagu secara polos dalam arti tidak memakai variasi, pada instrumen Jublag atau Calung pukulannya lebih jarang.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Jegog
– Pukulan Ngapus menggunakan tutupan sambil memukul sebelum memukul nada/bilah selanjutnya.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen kendang
– Pukulan kendang di dalam gamelan Gong Luang, hanya dimainkan pada waktu akan mencari gong atau habisnya satu putaran lagu dan dipukulnya menggunakan panggul.
Teknik permainan pada Ceng-Ceng Kopyak
– Pukulannya disini, dimainkan dengan sistem cecandetan ceng-ceng kopyak pada umumnya.
Teknik permainan Ceng-Ceng Kecek
– Pukulan Ngajet adalah memukul intrumen ceng-ceng dengan kedua tangan secara bergantian.
Teknik permainan Kajar
– Pukulan Penatas Lampah adalah pola pukulan kajar yang menggunakan pola ritme yang sama atau ajeg dari satu pukulan kepukulan yang lain dan mempunyai jarak dan waktu yang sama.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Kempul
– Nama pukulannya adalah Selah Tunggul,yang dimana pukulan kempul jatuh sebelum instrumen Gong dibunyikan.
Teknik permainan pada instrumen Gong
– Jatuhnya pukulan Gong, menandakan lagu itu sudah berakhir karena fungsi dari instrumen gong merupakan sebagai finalis dan nama pukulannya adalah Pukulan Purwa Tangi.
Jadi dapat disimpulkan teknik-teknik gegebug atau pukulan pada gamelan Gong Luang sebagian besar sama dengan teknik-teknik permainan pada gamelan Gong Kebyar dan Gong Gede.
| Dari Arena PKB XXXIII Melalui PKB, Lestarikan Gamelan Gong Luang |
| GAMELAN luang atau gamelan saron merupakan salah satu gamelan barungan cukup langka di Bali . Dalam ajang PKB XXXIII, Sekeha Gong Luang Banjar Tegeh, Desa Kerobokan, Badung, Minggu (19/6) kemarin menampilkan kesenian karawitan klasik gong luang di Kalangan Angsoka Taman Budaya dalam rangkaian pelestarian.
Gamelan gong luang ini sangat jarang ditampilkan di wilayah kabupaten/kota yang ada di Bali . Kondisi gamelan barungan ini hampir sama dengan barungan gamelan yang ada pada saat ini. Hanya perbedaan gamelan gong luang disisipkan sebuah gamelan barungan yakni gamelan saron. Gamelan gong luang berlaras pelog 7 nada, yang disisipkan dua nada pamero. Instrumen dalam gamelan gong luang ini meliputi satu kendang cedugan, satu tungguh reong, satu pasang penyacah, satu pasang jublag, satu pasang jegogan, satu pasang gong lanang wadon , satu buah kempur, satu buah kajar, dan satu set cenceng. Dalam barungan instrumen gong luang ini disisipkan satu instrumen saron terdiri dari satu tunggu tingklik (instrumen bilahnya terbuat dari bambu), dan sepasang kenyong (menyerupai gangsa jongkok). Gamelan gong luang ini biasanya dipergunakan pada upacara memukur/maligya , dan dewa yadnya . Dalam ajang PKB XXXIII hanya ditampilkan gending gong luang untuk acara memukur . Adapun gending-gending yang ditampilkan dalam acara memukur merupakan gending klasik meliputi, gending pengawit, blumbungan, gondang puyung, lilit, tayog, pengayat kembang barig. Secara umum, gamelan gong luang juga digunakan untuk mengiringi upacara dewa yadnya . Gending yang dimainkan meliputi gending klasik tabuh telu lelambatan , dan gending klasik tabuh pat lelambatan . Gamelan gong luang juga digunakan untuk mengiringi tari rejang dewa, tabuh tari baris punia, dan tari topeng bondresan. Ketua Sekeha Gong Luang Banjar Tegeh Desa Kerobokan Kabupaten Badung, Nyoman Gatra, didampingi pembina tabuh, Wayan Pustaka Alit mengatakan, gamelan gong luang lebih banyak digunakan saat acara memukur , dan dewa yadnya untuk wilayah Denpasar, dan Badung Selatan (khususnya di Desa Kerobokan) |
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Gong Luwang
| Gong Luwang adalah gamelan langka yang pada umumnya dipergunakan untuk mengiringi upacara kematian (ngaben). Gamelan yang berlaras pelog (tujuh nada) dan merupakan barungan madya ini, yang barungannya lebih kecil dari pada Gong Kebyar, termasuk salah satu jenis gamelan yang jarang dimainkan untuk mengiringi suatu pertunjukan tari atau drama. Kalaupun Gong Luwang dimainkan di atas pentas, seperti dalam pagelaran dramatari Calonarang, barungan ini hanya dipakai untuk mengiringi adegan memandikan mayat atau mandusin watangan.
Ada 8 atau 9 macam instrumen yang membentuk barungan gamelan Gong Luwang dengan jumlah penabuh antara 16 (enam belas) sampai 20 (duapuluh) orang. |
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Instrumentasi gamelan gong Luwang adalah:
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